Background: Primary immunodeficiency diseases (PID) are heterogeneous group of inherited disorders mainly characterized by recurrent infections leading to several times hospital admissions. The economic impact of PID is a challenging issue; therefore, this study was designed to determine the medical costs of hospitalizations in this group of patients as an indicator of the direct cost of these diseases.Methods: One hundred and ten children with PID hospitalized in the Children’s Medical Center Hospital, Tehran, Iran were included in this study during Jan 2011 and Jan 2012. All direct costs during the admission period were calculated, using the hospital information system.Results: Medical cost was 7.090$ per patient per admission. Among them, about 1.580$ belong to drug consuming during hospitalization. Anti-infective drugs for systemic use were the most cost-consuming group of drugs, followed by alimentary tract and metabolism and blood and blood forming organs agents. Investigation of anti-infective group internally showed that immune sera and immunoglobulin and antiviral agents for systemic use consisting the most important medication for PID patients during hospital admission.Conclusion: Although the results of economic evaluations in a region cannot necessarily be applied to other regions, having an overall estimation of hospital admission costs and types of drugs used during admission could be helpful in health policy system.

Background and Aim: Costs can influence the quality of health services. Estimation of the costs of the health care services is an important issue that has always preoccupied the minds of the managers of the health system. This study aimed to assess the costs of rural health centers and primary health centers in Kurdistan Province in 2014.Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study included 30 rural health centers and 182 primary health centers of kurdisatn University of Medical Sciences in 2014. Costs were determined on the basis of activity-based costing. Costs were divided into direct and indirect categories. Direct costs were related to personnel, consumable and non-consumable materials, energy, repairs, car and rural family physician. Indirect costs, included costs imposed by the city health centers, deputy of health, deputy of logistics and finance, and university chancellor's office.Results: Direct costs of the health centers in 2014 amounted to 971, 722, 394 Rials. The highest proportion of the costs belonged to rural family physician (76.2%) and the lowest was related to the health workers (18.6%). The costs of each rural health center ran to 1, 515, 851, 000 Rials. Direct costs of a rural center including its primary health centers amounted to 7, 628, 981, 000 Rials. Indirect costs, including costs imposed by the city health centers, deputy of health, deputy of logistics and finance, and university chancellor's office were 479, 345, 000 Rials.Conclusion: Considering the average costs of rural health centers, the annual budget allocated to the Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, is low, and can affect the quality of basic health services for rural areas.

Background: This article examines the cost of financial damages caused by earthquakes in the building sector and compares it with the estimation of retrofitting in Iran. This study compares the costs of two scenarios: “Action after the earthquake” and “strengthening the structures before the earthquake.”  Materials and Methods: In this study, data obtained from governorates and building retrofitting engineering companies have been used. The scope of the study is earthquakes that occurred in the geographical area of ​​Iran. Among them, 8 earthquakes were specifically studied: Mianeh, Ahar and Haris, Qator, Murmori, Khorasan, Damghan and Shahroud, Goharan, Hormozgan and Ezgele. Using the time value of money method to the value of 2021, we converted the estimated and realized costs to enable comparison and aggregation. Results: The cost-benefit comparison of policies of action after the earthquake and retrofitting before the earthquake shows that Iran has suffered as much as 238 million USD in losses due to the lack of building resilience against earthquakes. The results show that the policy of retrofitting structures before an earthquake is significantly more optimal than the other scenario. Conclusion: The comparison of the two policy scenarios examined in this study shows that retrofitting buildings before an earthquake, on the one hand, prevents vast losses, and on the other hand, increasing the number of earthquake-resistant houses reduces the amount of earthquake damage.